北部湾多齿蛇鲻雌雄群体组成、生长、死亡特征的差异

利用2006年6月~2008年11月从广西北海,广东江洪、企水,海南东方、三亚等五个港口底拖网和流刺网渔获物中随机采集的样本,对北部湾海域多齿蛇鲻雌、雄群体的组成、生长、死亡特性进行了比较。结果表明,多齿蛇鲻雌性个体大于雄性个体,雌性渔获群体叉长范围104.3~398.0 mm,平均叉长215.4±62.9 mm;体重范围8.0~809.0 g,平均体重121.2±122.8 g;雄性渔获群体叉长范围122.7~345.0 mm,平均叉长211.1±45.9 mm;体重范围13.3~434.5 g,平均体重101.1±72.6 g。雌、雄个体数量不平衡,全年各月渔获量中雌性个体均多于雄性个体,雌、雄性比约为1.79∶1,周年变化呈现一定的波动,各月性比波动于1.29∶1~3.68∶1;雌、雄个体的性腺发育基本同步,但雄性个体比雌性个体进入性成熟季节的时间稍早;雌、雄群体的生长特性差异明显,生长参数K值分别为0.44 a-1和0.53 a-1,体重生长拐点年龄分别为2.41和1.97;雌、雄群体的死亡特征也存在明显差异,总死亡系数分别为2.73和3.01,自然死亡系数分别为0.89和1.04。     

泉州湾湿地景观生态规划研究

借助于景观生态规划的概念、原理、方法、程序,分析泉州湾湿地资源、环境与景观生态特征,探讨泉州湾湿地可持续发展的景观生态模式,提出建立景观生态保护区,开展生态旅游,发展绿色生态农业,开发渔业资源,发展港口经济等景观生态规划方案。     

泉州湾湿地生态旅游资源保护与开发刍议

泉州湾湿地是我国东南沿海典型湿地类型之一,其特殊的地理、自然条件和人类长期活动形成独特的湿地旅游资源,湿地多样性明显,但也伴随人为强度干预导致的景观脆弱性。为此,本文提出泉州湾湿地的保护和开发思路:①进行泉州湾湿地资源的本底调查,申报国家级湿地自然保护区;②制定湿地生态旅游发展规划,并逐步建立和完善生态旅游服务网络体系;③政府决策与社区参与相结合;④加强湿地旅游管理和环境影响评价。总之,泉州湾湿地旅游开发必须定位在生态旅游资源的保护开发,改变以往只重视其生产功能而忽视其生态、社会、文化功能的倾向,实现湿地资源的可持续利用。     

Chemical Characterization,Temperature Stability,and Enzymatic Studies on Edible Marine Algae Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty)

Antioxidant activity of the marine alga Kappaphycus alvarezii was investigated. Methanol, acetone, petroleum ether, aqueous methanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extracts (1 mg/mL) of K. alvarezii were tested for their 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The values were compared with those of Vitamin C and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Extracts showing positive results, when tested for DPPH free radical scavenging, were examined for dose effect, in-vivo hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. All extracts showed dose-dependent DPPH scavenging and significant hydroxyl radical scavenging activities (> 82.6%). The acetone, aqueous methanol, and methanol extracts of K. alvarezii showed the highest scavenging activity. Ethyl acetate extract showed a moderate activity of 62.9%. In the DPPH method, petroleum ether and hexane extracts showed less activity with IC₅₀ values of 118.58 ± 8.94 and 116.25 ± 7.14 μg/mL, respectively. Acetone, methanol, and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited IC₅₀ values of 57.32 ± 1.07, 61.31 ± 0.67, and 79.50 ± 1.59 μg/mL, respectively. K. alvarezii showed higher antioxidant activity in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Proton NMR studies revealed signals in the region 0.5 to 2.0 ppm suggesting the presence of steroidal identity in the extracts.     

Physiological and reproductive response to varying quantitative lipid inclusion in diets for Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis Baird and Girard

Successful culture of Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis as a live marine baitfish in the south‐eastern United States has experienced low fecundity as a primary restriction. Hence, the ability to optimize reproduction in captive populations may increase the potential for viable large‐scale production. Broodfish nutrition is an expanding field of aquaculture, and improved nutritional status has been shown to increase reproductive output in some cultured fish. This study examined changes in quantitative inclusion of lipid as fish oil in complete diets fed to actively spawning Gulf killifish and its effects on physiological and reproductive parameters and subsequent larval morphometrics. An increase in dietary lipid levels across a gradient from 4.0 to 13.8% did not affect periodic fecundity, egg size, embryo viability rate, sperm motility, hepatosomatic index or liver total lipid content. Intraperitoneal fat increased significantly in fish fed higher lipid levels, while gonadosomatic index was significantly higher in the lowest lipid content group. Larvae produced by fish fed higher lipid levels had significantly increased endogenous nutritional resources at hatch while standard length was unaffected. No strong reproductive benefits of increased lipid inclusion were found in Gulf killifish.     

渤海湾天津海域贝体调查与评价

对2012年10月至2013年10月期间,在渤海湾天津海域采集的毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、脉红螺(Rapana venosa)、文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)、牡蛎(Ostrea cucullata)、四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)和扁玉螺(Neverita didyma)等常见贝类样品生物类、石油类、重金属污染状况进行调查及初步评价。结果表明,化学污染因子石油烃、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、无机As均有残存,生物污染因子粪大肠菌群、腹泻性贝类毒素也均有检出,但含量值较低。总体来看渤海湾天津海域常见贝体没有受到明显污染。     

北部湾光裸星虫3个地理群体遗传多样性

利用微卫星DNA分子标记对广东湛江乌石(ZJ)、广西北海山口(BH)与越南锦普(JP)3个光裸星虫(Sipunculus nudus)野生群体的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明,20个微卫星座位中有3个位点(Snu08、Snu10、Snu14)呈现单态,17个多态微卫星座位中的等位基因数介于2～9之间,多态信息含量(PIC)介于0.097～0.797之间。每个群体中有5个位点显著偏离了Hardy-Weinberg平衡,在位点Snu18上3个群体均偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡。3个光裸星虫野生群体均表现出中等程度的遗传多样性水平,锦普群体遗传多样性水平高于北海和湛江群体。群体间F-统计量分析表明,群体遗传分化处于低等分化水平,差异不显著(Fst=0.019～0.049,P>0.05);基于DA遗传距离构建的NJ和UPGMA聚类树均显示,地理位置相邻的群体聚在一起。研究表明,3个光裸星虫地理群体均具有中等的遗传多样性,杂合度均偏低,群体间存在较大的基因流,杂合子明显缺失;群体间已产生遗传分化,但分化水平还较低。     

基于长度贝叶斯生物量法估算北部湾二长棘鲷种群参数

渔业数据缺乏是渔业资源评估和管理面临的难题。以2006—2018年北部湾二长棘鲷体长频率数据为例，运用基于长度频率的贝叶斯生物量方法(LBB)，估算二长棘鲷的渐近体长(L_∞)、最适开捕体长(L_copt)、相对自然死亡率(M/k)和相对捕捞死亡率(F/k)等种群参数。结果发现，2006—2018年间北部湾二长棘鲷的渐近体长平均为21.0 cm，最适开捕体长平均为12.6 cm，相对死亡率M/k、F/k、Z/k和开发率E分别为1.49、3.65、5.15和0.67。二长棘鲷的开捕体长和渐近体长的变化趋势一致，均呈下降趋势，且其生长速度有加快趋势。基于LBB估算的最适开捕体长和开发率与运用独立评估模型估算的结果基本一致。如果长度频率能代表资源开发阶段的长度组成，使用LBB估算的结果将较好地反映其真实情况。基于LBB的研究方法可为渔业数据缺乏情况下进行渔业资源评估提供借鉴。     

Modelling Atlantic mackerel spawning habitat suitability and its future distribution in the north‐west Atlantic

We investigated the effect of environmental conditions on Atlantic mackerel spawning habitat in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (sGSL). Based on generalized additive models, we (i) modelled the optimal spawning habitat of mackerel in the sGSL using daily egg production (DEP) in June, (ii) predicted known and new potential present spawning habitats in the GSL and the north‐west Atlantic, and (iii) assessed how they respond to future climate change. Our findings showed that both mackerel presence–absence and given‐presence DEP were associated with sea surface temperature (10–16.5°C), salinity above 31 and depth < 120 m. Adding zooplankton showed a marked effect on the DEP given‐presence compared to the presence–absence. Predictions of spawning habitats under present (1999–2012) and future scenario (2066–2085) conditions were estimated from the presence–absence model without zooplankton, using physical conditions of the BNAM. Under present conditions, our model predicted well the main spawning habitat in the sGSL and other known secondary spawning habitats in the northern GSL (nGSL), the western and southern Newfoundland, and the north‐west Atlantic coast. Under future conditions, our study suggests that spawning habitats in the sGSL and the nGSL would expand. Our results, therefore, suggest that mackerel could benefit from a warmer GSL, minimizing the potential for a northward migration of the stock due to decreasing suitability of the sGSL as its main spawning ground, and a new but spatially limited potential habitat in Newfoundland coasts. These results can be used to inform stock management and develop adaptive management plans in the context of climate change.